- Injury and surgery (and immobility during recovery)
- Infections
- Inflammatory disease
- Diabetes
- Cancer and cancer treatments
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Hormonal changes (e.g. contraceptive pills, hormone replacement therapies, pregnancy)
- High homocysteine levels in the blood (Vitamin B deficiency, reduced kidney, liver or thyroid function, increased blood pressure, certain drugs, and excess coffee can lead to elevated homocysteine levels)
- Genetic risk factors:
- F5 (Factor V) Leiden mutation (1691G>A)
- F2 (Prothrombin) 20210G>A mutation
- MTHFR - 677C>T and 1298A>C mutations result in increased homocysteine levels
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